NCHLT Xitsonga POS tag set

Tag set

For purposes of annotators, this tag set is by and large taken over from Taljard et al (2008) and various documents compiled by G Faasz and U Heid from the IMS, Stuttgart and D J Prinsloo and E Taljard, University of Pretoria. The information below refers to the current state of the tagset, but further development will probably necessitate any number of changes.

The tagset is mainly based on the lexical and morphological criteria defined by Lombard (1985) and Louwrens (1991). As described above, the logical structure of the tagset is divided into two layers of linguistic description (annotation levels):

The first annotation level includes all mandatory, or, according to EAGLES, obligatory information, namely up to three elements: an element hinting at the word class, a second one specifying functional or syntactic properties, and a third one giving morphological specifics, cf. e.g. PRO(noun)EMP(hatic)PERS(on).

The second level of annotation includes recommended and optional information. This level is in most cases used for a detailed description of closed class items described in the tagger lexicon. Compare the following excerpt:

Figure 1: Annotation levels

Description	Tag 1st level (mandatory information)	Tag 2nd level (optional/ recommended information)
Pronouns:
emphatic personal	PROEMPPERS	1sg,2sg,1pl,2pl
Verbals:	V	tr
Morphemes:
deficient	MORPH	def

As for the actual tagging, an additional first level of tagging is envisaged. On this level, linguistic words will be tagged. For Northern Sotho, this implies that the four orthographic units ke + a + mo + rata will be tagged as V, since together they constitute a linguistic verb.

The tagset currently distinguishes 29 categories and different levels of annotation. The first part of the tag gives a general indication of the nature of the unit in question. These are as follows:

1. $ = Punctuation

2. ABBR = abbreviation

3. ADJ = adjective

4. ADV = adverb

5. ASP = aspectual marker

6. AUX = auxilliary verb

7. CCOP = class-indicating copulative subject concord

8. CDEM = class-indicating demonstrative

9. CDEMCOP = class-indicating demonstrative copulative

10. CN = class-indicating nominal prefix

11. CO = class-indicating object concord

12. CPOSS = class-indicating possessive concord

13. CS = class-indicating subject concord

14. ENUM = enumerative

15. IDEO = ideophone

16. INT = interjection

17. JUNC = conjunction

18. MNEG = negative morpheme

19. N = noun

20. NPP = place and brand name

21. NUM = numerative

22. PART = particle

23. PROEMP = emphatic pronoun

24. PROPOSS = possessive pronoun

25. PROQUANT = quantitative pronoun

26. QUE = question word

27. TENSE = tense marker

28. V = verbal

29. VCOP = copulative verb

As we envisage going deeper into morphological analysis, we also plan for the implementation of the following tags:

AS = adjectival stem

CA = class indicating adjectival prefix

NS = noun stem

NSuf = nominal suffix

VEnd = verbal ending

VExt = verbal extension

VR = verb root

1. PUNCTUATION

The tag $ is used for all punctuation marks. These include full stops, commas, colons, semi-colons, quotation marks, hyphens, exclamation marks, brackets, etc.

2. ABBREVIATION

All abbreviations are tagged as ABBR.

3. ADJECTIVE

The following tags are used:

Level 1: ADJ01-14, ADJLOC

Notes:

• The tag ADJ is used to tag linguistic units which consist of a noun class prefix and an adjective stem

Examples:

lexikulu ADJ07

n’wi tsundzuxi ADJLOC

4. ADVERB

The following tags are used:

Level 1: ADV

Level 2: ADV_loc

Notes:

• Currently, no further specification in terms of the features time and manner is indicated, but adverbs of place / indicating locality are tagged on the second level as _loc.
• Nouns belonging to the locative classes are tagged as NLOC, although their function is that of adverb.
• Nouns to which a locative suffix has been affixed are tagged as nouns although their function is that of adverb. See 19 below.

Examples:

ntiyiso ADV_nil

kaModjadji ADV_loc

5. ASPECTUAL MARKER

The following tags are used:

Level 1: ASP

Level 2: ASP_pot, ASP_prog

Note:

• The deficient verbs forms, also called deficient auxiliary verb forms, -el, -kondza, -tala, -tshuka and -vuya are tagged as ASP.
• On the second level of annotation the progressive morpheme sa and the potential morpheme ka are tagged as ASP_prog and ASP_pot respectively.

Examples:

Va ta vulavula	ASP_nil
Va ha vulavula	ASP_prog
Va le ku vulavuleni	ASP_pot

6. AUXILLIARY

The following tag is used:

Level 1: AUX

Notes:

• The tag AUX is used to tag what is generally termed auxilliary verb stems.

Examples:

Va vile va fikile	AUX
Uvulavurile hi mukhuva wolowo	AUX

7. [CLASS-INDICATING] COPULATIVE SUBJECT CONCORD

The following tags are used:

Level 1: CCOP01-10, CCOP14-15, CCOPLOC, CCOPPERS

Level 2: CCOPPERS_1sg, CCOPPERS_1pl, CCOPPERS_2sg, CCOPPERS_2pl

Notes:

• Noun class information and information on the person number are included in the tag.

Examples:

Na mina ndzi kona	CCOPPERS_1sg
Xinkwa xi kona	CCOP14_nil
Hi le dorobeni	CCOPPERS_1pl

8. [CLASS-INDICATING] DEMONSTRATIVES

The followings tags are used:

CDEM01-10, CDEM14-15, CDEMLOC

Notes:

• Currently, no distinction is made for the different ‘positions’ or ‘distances’ of the demonstratives. Only noun class information is included in the tag.
• The demonstratives of the locative classes are tagged as CDEMLOC
• The demonstratives of classes 1a and 2b are tagged as CDEM01 and CDEM02 respectively.

Examples:

Vanhu lava CDEM02

Xilo xexo CDEM07

Xilo lexiya CDEMLOC

9. [CLASS-INDICATING] COPULATIVE DEMONSTRATIVES

The followings tags are used:

Level 1: CDEMCOP

Level 2: CDEMCOP_01-10, CDEMCOP_14-15, CDEMCOP_loc

Notes:

• Currently, no distinction is made for the different ‘positions’ or ‘distances’ of the copulative demonstratives. Only noun class information is included in the tag.
• The copulative demonstratives of the locative classes are tagged as CDEMCOP_loc
• The copulative demonstratives of classes 1a and 2b are tagged as CDEMCOP_01 and CDEMCOP_02 respectively.

Examples:

Hi loyi CDEMCOP_01

Hi eswi CDEMCOP_08

hi lahaya CDEMCOP_loc

10. [CLASS-INDICATING] NOMINAL PREFIX

11. [CLASS-INDICATING] OBJECT CONCORD

The following tags are used:

Level 1: CO01-10, CO14-15, COLOC, COPERS

Level 2: COPERS_1pl, COPERS_2pl, COPERS_2sg

Notes:

• Noun class information is included in the tag. Tags for first and second person distinguish between singular and plural.
• Object concords that are written conjunctively to the verb stem (e.g. object concord 1st person singular, object concord of class 1 mo- preceding a verb stem with initial consonant b-) are not at this stage tagged.
• The object concords of classes 1a and 2b are tagged as CO01 and CO02 respectively.
• Object concords of the locative classes are tagged as COLOC.

Examples:

Va hi pfunile	COPERS_1pl
Ha ku lava	COPERS_2sg
Ndza ya rhandza	CO06
Va ta swi xava	CO07

12. [CLASS-INDICATING] POSSESSIVE CONCORD

The following tags are used:

Level 1: CPOSS01-10, 14-15, CPOSSLOC

Notes:

• The possessive concords of classes 1a and 2b are tagged as CPOSS01 and CPOSS02 respectively.

Examples:

Vana va yena	CPOSS02
Swiambalo swa vana	CPOSS08
Hansi ka tafula	CPOSSLOC

13. [CLASS-INDICATING] SUBJECT CONCORD

The following tags are used:

Level 1: CS01-10, CS14-15, CSLOC, CSINDEF, CSNEUT, CSPERS

Level 2: CSPERS_1sg, CSPERS_1pl, CSPERS_2sg, CSPERS_2pl

Notes:

• No distinction is currently made between the unmarked form of the subject concord, and the co-called ‘consecutive form’ thereof.
• The tag CSINDEF is used to tag the indefinite subject concord ko / gwa
• The tag CSNEUT is used to tag the neutral subject concord e / ya, which is inter alia often found in identifying copulatives.
• Subject concords of the locative classes are tagged CSLOC.
• Subject concord of nouns in classes 1a and 2b are tagged as CN01 and CN02 respectively.

Examples:

Hi fikile	CS07
A swi si fika	CS10
Hansi ka titimela	CSLOC
Ka hisa	CSINDEF
A ku ri xixika	CSNEUT
Wa karhata	CSPERS_2sg
Hi sungula ntirho	CSPERS_1pl

14. ENUMERATIVE

The following tag is used:

Level 1: ENUM

Note:

• Linguistic units generally termed enumerative stems in grammars are tagged as ENUM

Examples:

Ku dlaya ka nsele	ENUM
Mikhuva hi leyi	ENUM

15. IDEOPHONE

The following tag is used:

Level 1: IDEO

Examples:

Dlomu!	IDEO
hati!	IDEO

16. INTERJECTION

The following tag is used:

Level 1: INT

Level 2: INT_neg

Notes:

• The tag INT_neg is used to tag the negative interjection ah.

Examples:

Avuxeni!	INT_nil
Ah!	INT_neg

17. CONJUNCTION

The following tag is used:

Level 1: JUNC

Notes:

• Conjunctions that consist of multi-word units are not at this stage tagged as JUNC, the tokens making up the conjunctions are tagged separately. Thus e.g. hambiswiritano ‘although’ would not be tagged as JUNC, but as hambi [TAG] and swiritano[TAG].

Examples:

kambe	JUNC
kuri	JUNC

18. NEGATIVE MORPHEME

The following tag is used:

Level 1: MNEG

Notes:

• Negative morphemes ga, sa and se are tagged as MNEG
• The negative form of the identifying copula ndzi, i.e. ndzi nge is tagged as ndzi MNEG nge VCOP_neg

Examples:

A va vulavuli	MNEG
Va nga vulavuli	MNEG
Kuri va nga vulavuli	MNEG

19. NOUN

The following tags are used:

Level 1: N01-10, N01a, N02b, N14, NLOC

Level 2: _aug, _dim, _loc, _name

Notes:

• Although 17 noun classes plus two subclasses (1a and 2b) are distinguished for Northern Sotho, only 14 noun tags are used. All locative classes (16, 17, 18, N- and ka-) are tagged as NLOC.
• Since nouns belonging to the so-called infinitive class 15 (ku famba) consist of two orthographically distinct units, these are tagged separately; no tag for nouns belonging to class 15 (N15) is therefore used.
• Apart from containing information on noun class numbers, tags for nouns also include the features augmentative (_aug), diminutive (_dim), locative (_loc), name (_name) and even a combination of these, e.g. _dim_loc. These appear after the underscore ‘_’ in the tag. If none of these is present, the absence of such a feature is indicated by _nil.
• It is not necessary to include information regarding singular and plural in the tag, since this information is contained in the class number. Generally, nouns with an uneven class number (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) are singular nouns, whereas those belonging to the evenly numbered classes (2, 4, 6, 8, 10) are plural nouns.
• The distinction singular/plural is not relevant for the locative classes.
• Names of people are tagged as N01a / N02b_name

Examples:

mpho	N09_nil
mpho	N01a_name
mphonyana	N09_dim
mphong	N09_loc
taugadi	N09_aug
ngwakwaneng	N03_dim_loc
hansi	NLOC
vamudyela	N02b_name

20. PLACE AND BRAND NAMES

The following tag is used:

Level 1: NPP

Level 2: NPP_name, NPP_brand

Notes:

• Place names are tagged as NPP_place, brand names as NPP_brand

Examples:

polokwane	NPP_place
coke	NPP_brand

21. NUMERATIVE

The following tag is used:

NUM

Note:

• For all numbers and numerals (23,1998, iii, etc) the tag NUM is used.

22. PARTICLE

The following tags are used:

Level 1: PART

Level 2: PART_cop, PART_agen, PART_hort, PART_loc, PRT_que, PART_temp, PART_ins, PART_con

Notes:

• The category ‘particle’ is a contentious one and is not recognized by all grammarians. The term ‘prefix’ is often used to refer to members of this category.
• The category ‘particle’ is a closed category.
• The tag PART_cop is used for the copulative particle hi ‘it/he/she is, they are’. The negative form of this copula, nga se is tagged as nga MNEG, nge VCOP_neg.
• The agentive particle ke found following after passive verbs is tagged as PART_agen.
• The hortative particle a is tagged as PART_hort.
• Five locative particles (PART_loc) are distinguished for Xitsonga, i.e. hi, laha, lahaya, lahayani and hi.
• The question particles (PART_que) are a, na, ana, naa.
• The temporal particle (PART_temp) is used to indicate a point in time.
• The instrumental particle (PART_ins) is hi.
• The connective particle le which is typically found following after the copulative verb stem –na is tagged PART_con

Examples:

I xixika	PART_cop
Yi vona hi timbyana	PART_agen
A hi hlayi	PART_hort
Kona kwale dorobeni	PART_loc
Xana va tile?	PART_que
Hi muquivela	PART_temp
hi mukwana	PART_ins
Ku na khombo	PART_con

23. EMPHATIC PRONOUN

The following tags are used:

Level 1: PROEMP01-10, PROEMP14-15, PROEMPLOC, PROEMPPERS

Level 2: PROEMPPERS_1sg, PROEMPPERS_1pl, PROEMPPERS_2sg, PROEMPPERS_2pl

Notes:

• Emphatic pronouns are also called absolute pronouns in some grammars.
• Even when these pronouns appear in collocation with their corresponding nouns, they are tagged as PROEMP, even though in such cases they have strictly speaking, no pronominal function.

Examples:

yena	PROEMP01
hina	PROEMPPERS_1pl
kona	PROEMPLOC
Tibuku tona	PROEMP10
hi yona	PROEMP09

24. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

The following tags are used:

Level 1: PROPOSS01-10, PROPOSS14-15, PROPOSSLOC, PROPOSSPERS

Level 2: PROPOSSPERS_1sg, PROPOSSPERS_1pl, PROPOSSPERS_2sg, PROPOSSPERS_2pl

Notes:

• Even though the possessive pronouns of the noun classes of Xitsonga are morphologically identical to the emphatic pronouns, their status as possessive pronouns is signalled by the possessive concord preceding them.
• Although the status of forms such as kahina, kavona and kan’wina is uncertain, these forms are tagged as PROPOSSPERS_1pl, PROPOSS02 and PROPOSSPERS_2pl respectively, since they are almost always preceded by a possessive concord.

Examples:

Vana va yena	PROPOSS01
Vana va ka hina	PROPOSSPERS_1pl
Vana va hina	PROPOSSPERS_1pl
Milenge ya tona	PROPOSS10
Swikolo swa kona	PROPOSSLOC

25. QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS

The following tags are used:

PROQUANT01 – 10, PROQUANT14-15, PROQUANTLOC

Notes:

• Even when these pronouns appear in collocation with their corresponding nouns, they are tagged as PROQUANT, even though in such cases they have strictly speaking, no pronominal function.

Examples:

Vana hinkwavo	PROQUANT02
Hinkwaswo swi herile	PROQUANT10
Hina hinkwerhu	PROQUANT02

26. QUESTION WORDS

The following tags are used:

Level 1: QUE

Level 2: QUE_N01a, QUE_N02b, QUE_loc, QUE_time, QUE_man, QUE_01 – 10, 14 – 15

Notes:

• In some grammars, the items njhani, rini and kwihi are described as adverbs, but here they are tagged as question words, asking about manner (_man), time (_time) and place (_loc) (locality) respectively.
• Since the question words mani and vamani can generate agreement of classes 1a and 2b respectively, they are tagged as QUE_N01a and QUE_N02b respectively.
• Note that when –Kwihi is used with the meaning of ‘how many / much’ it appears in an adjectival construction and is consequently tagged as ADJ. Only when it is used with the meaning of ‘where’ is it tagged as QUE_loc.
• Note that when –njhani is used with the meaning of ‘what kind of’ it appears in an adjectival construction and is consequently tagged as ADJ. Only when it is used with the meaning of ‘how’ is it tagged as QUE_man.

Examples:

Va fikile rini?	QUE_time
Vatshama kwihi?	QUE_loc
Vanhu vahi?	QUE_02
U lava mani?	QUE_N01a
U xavile yini?	QUE_nil

27. TENSE MARKER

The following tags are used:

Level 1: TENSE

Level 2: TENSE_fut, TENSE_pres, TENSE_past

Notes:

• The future tense morphemes –ta- are tagged as TENSE_fut.
• When the morpheme ka appears together with the negative morpheme se it functions as a marker of the future tense, and in such cases is marked as TENSE_fut.
• The past tense morpheme –e only occurs in a specific negative form of the so-called past tense and is the only past tense morpheme in Xitsonga. It is tagged as TENSE_past.
• The so-called present tense morpheme –va which appears only in (some) present tense verbs is marked as TENSE_pres.

Examples:

Va ta vulavula	TENSE_fut
Va vulavulaba	TENSE_pres
Va nge vulavuli	TENSE_fut
A ta va a vulavurile	TENSE_neg

28. VERBAL

The following tag is used:

Level 1: V

Notes:

• The tag V is used to tag what is generally termed verb stems.
• Prefixes (reflexive prefix, object concord first person singular, object concord class 1 prefixed to verbs stems with initial consonant v-, stabilizing prefix i- with monosyllabic stems) and suffixes that are written conjuntively to the verb root or stem are not at this stage tagged separately.
• The degree of transitivity of verbs is indicated as _tr (transitive), _itr (intransitive), _dtr (double transitive) on level 2.
• Categories such as tense, mood and aspect are not indicated, since these features cannot be assigned automatically by computational means.

Examples:

muntshwa	V_tr
dyondza	V_tr
nyenyetsa	V_tr
tirhela	V_dtr
udya	V_tr

29. COPULATIVE VERB

The following tag is used:

Level 1: VCOP

Level 2: VCOP_neg

Notes:

• The tag VCOP is used to tag copulative verbs stems, e.g. –ni, -xi, -(u)na and –(u)va (-va, and –vilê). For the copulative verb stem –se the tag VCOP_neg on level 2 is used, as is the case for the verb stem –vi (<-va) when it is used in the negative form.

Examples:

ndzi na	VCOP_nil
Loko ku ri xixika	VCOP_nil
Loko a ri kona	VCOP_neg
Ku ri ximumu	VCOP_nil